paper no.15 mass media and communication Explain article 19

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Explain article 19 (1) related to the freedom of press.

A Short History of Newspapers and Magazines

• The emergence of the new media branch in the 17th century has to be seen

in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the

Publishing press derives it name. The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally Published as Gazette de France)

• The first newspaper in Portugal, A Gazeta da Restauração, was published in

1641 in Lisbon.

• The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid was published in 1661.The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from1702 to 1735.

Role of Press

·         Watch dog of democratic society

                         Social Responsibility
·         Investigation of scams
·         To propagate social reforms
·         Passing information
·         Sharing information                                                                                                         
·         Motivating Power of the society
·         Emphasizing education
·         Opinion Builder
·         Generate debate
·         Act as people's mouth piece
·         The press occupation is pivotal a position in the life of a nation
·         And it’s people.
·         Eradication of social evils
·         Guardian of the rights and liberty of people

Press Council of India

• It is a statutory body consisting of 28 members representing owners of the

Newspapers, news agencies, journalists, educationalists, legal experts and

Expats on various subjects

• Functions:

• This body has the power to warn and stop and censor any editor’s or

Journalist’s work who flouts the standard of journalistic ethics and public

Texts.

• Aims:

 PCI has been established to preserve and improve freedom of press on one

Hand and on the other hand to maintain and improve the standard of

Newspaper and new agencies. The PCI takes care of the press codes and press

Ethics in the following manner:

• Freedom on information

• Freedom of access to information sources

• Objectivity, truthfulness and interpretation of facts

• Responsibility to public and it’s rights, interest and in relation to national,

racial and religious communities of the nation, the state and to maintain

peace.

Freedom of Press

• Article 19 (1) clearly states that right to freedom of speech and expression is

the fundamental right for every citizen of India.

• The same article states that Freedom of Press is included in there.

• Freedom of press is essential in any democratic society for healthy

development. It helps people at large to know about the undercurrents of the

national scenario.

• The press is a great social asset as it works as a watchdog on various activities

and authorities by exercising it’s role.

• Countries which curb the freedom of press suffer great losses in the long run.

With freedom of press we cannot overlook the security of the individual being

forgone, chaos in public life and disruption of harmony among many social

groups. If any news report causes the aforementioned factors, the press

should not allow it.

• Anything that disturbs security and integrity of the nation, communal

harmony, international relationship, chaos in public life or interference in

private life or matters in relation to the contempt of the court is considered

offense and legal action are provided

Therefore there are media laws which curtail press freedom.

Limitations to the freedom of expression in matters affecting:

• Sovereignty and integrity of the state

• Public order

• Security of the state

• Friendly relations with the foreign countries

• Morality

• Content of codes

• Incitement to offenses

Audit bureau of Circulation ltd. (ABC)

• Private body with 252 regional and national publishers, 208 leading

advertisers, news agencies and advertising agencies

• It surveys the circulation of publications in English, hindi and 12

regional languages, in more than 50 major Indian towns.

• ABC carries out circulation surveys on a regular basis and issues

‘Certificates of Net Paid Circulation’ every six months.

• It has a very high reputation for reliability and impartiality and is

therefore quotes with authority.

• Like NRS, ABC too is urban-oriented 90% of publications are not members of ABC; barely 20 of the English weeklies and an equal number of the Hindi dailies are enrolled asmembers.

• Yet it is contended by advertisers, that ABC covers the entire ‘Indian’

daily press.

• The fact is that a good number of members do not submit their

circulation figures for verification.

• ‘Not Received’ NR is a familiar feature in the auditor’s reports.

Press Trust of India

• (often abbreviated as PTI) is the largest news agency in India.

• It is headquartered in Delhi and is a non-profit cooperative among more than 450

Indian newspapers and has a staff of about 2,000 writers spread across 150 offices

nationwide.

• It took over the Indian operations of the Associated Press and Reuters soon after

India's independence on August 15, 1947.

• It provides news coverage and information of the region in both English and Hindi.

• It exchanges information with several other news agencies including 100 news

agencies based outside India, such as Associated Press, Agence France-Presse, The

New York Times and Bloomberg L.P..

• Major Indian subscribers of PTI include Times of India, the Indian Express, the

Hindustan Times, the All India Radio and Doordarshan. PTI has offices in Bangkok,

Beijing, Colombo, Dubai, Islamabad, Kuala Lumpur, Moscow, New York and

Washington D.C..

                   

Paper –14 The African Literature ,What is the meaning of 'Negritude' Explain it with reference to Wole Soyinka’s Telephonic conversation and Dedication.

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Q. What is the meaning of 'Negritude'? Explain it with reference to Wole Soyinka’s Telephonic conversation and Dedication.

Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" Babatunde Soyinka (Yoruba: Akinwándé Oluwo̩lé Babátúndé S̩óyinká, pronounced [wɔlé ʃójĩŋká]; born 13 July 1934) is a Nigerian playwright and poet. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, the first African to be honored in that category.

Telephonic conversations this poem is written by ‘Wole Soyinka’. Poet deals with racism and relation of black and white people. Talk about first world country and third world country. A black man wont to perchance home (land) from white lady. There is telephonic conversation between them. Telephone is symbol of connecting people, it is tool of communication.  But here in poem it shows distance between two people and nation also. Lady represents first world country and black man represent third world country (nation). Here we found Frantz Fanon’s concept of “Black skin and white Mask”. In this poem both are rich, necklace shows richness of lady and black man want to buy home so it shows richness of black man. But lady over power man because she represent or belongs to ‘first world nation’.  Lady is colonizer and man is colonized. Location place (home) white colony and for Negro man it is kind of achievement. In this poem we found that lady asked several question, like ‘where are you from? How dark? Are you light or very Dark? After this there is a deep silent. Silent suggest so many things. Silent is ill manner silent. Here we have one question that who is really dark? Black man gives self-confection, ‘I am African’ and many other things. Word use by man “Madam” is shows man gives respect to white lady. I’m not fully dark, don’t go with my color, and in this poem we found that man give his identity to that lady. But lady not give her identity. At the end of the poem there is one line, “About my ears-‘Madam,’ I pleaded, wouldn’t you rather See yourself?” it shows that what men think and mentality of white lady. When we look at this poem with post-colonial perspective, how white people feel superior and black people are inferior. What white people think about black people? That they are always bad and cruel, black people are barbaric, uncultured and uncivilized people.

Négritude

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Négritude is a literary and ideological philosophy, developed by francophone African intellectuals, writers, and politicians in France during the 1930s. Its initiators includedMartinican poet Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor (a future President of Senegal), and Léon Damas of French Guiana. Négritude intellectuals disapproved of French colonialism and claimed that the best strategy to oppose it was to encourage a common racial identity for black Africans worldwide. They included the Marxist ideas they favored as part of this philosophy. The writers generally used a realist literary style, and some say were also influenced somewhat by the Surrealism style, and in 1932 the manifesto "Murderous Humanitarianism" was signed by prominent Surrealists including the Martiniquans Pierre Yoyotte and J. M. Monnerot.

Negritude, originally a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking black intellectuals, reflects an important and comprehensive reaction to the colonial situation. This movement, which influenced Africans as well as Blacks around the world, specifically rejects the political, social and moral domination of the West. The term, which has been used in a general sense to describe the black world in opposition to the West, assumes the total consciousness of belonging to the black race.

In contrast to this broad definition, a narrower one pertains to artistic expression. The literature of Negritude includes the writings of black intellectuals who affirm black personality and redefine the collective experience of blacks. A preoccupation with the black experience and a passionate praise of the black race, provides a common base for the imaginative expression in association with romantic myth of Africa.
The external factor defining the black man in modern society is colonialism and the domination by the white man, with all the moral and psychological implications. Negritude rehabilites Africa and all blacks from European ideology that holds the black inherently inferior to the white -- the rationale for Western imperialism.

Leopold Sedar Senghor, president of Senegal, who further defines Negritude in his poems and writings, rejects the classical white/black view that races can be mutually exclusive saying, "Race is a reality--I do not mean racial purity. There is difference, but not inferiority or antagonism." Senghor believes in the expression of values of traditional Africa as they are embodied in the thinking and institutions of African society, but he does not desire a return to outmoded customs, only to their original spirit. His interpretation of Negritude has become the most clear definition and a model for other writers.

In contrast, Wole Soyinka reacts against Negritude, which he sees belonging to colonial ideology because it gives a defensive character to any African ideas. The artist, for him, is a reformer who draws on the past for significant lessons and proceeds to what he calls "the re-appraisal of the whole human phenomenon." This view balances the more romantic view of the early Negritude writers.

Soyinka takes into account the imperfections of the past, which he accepts as inherent to the human condition and which he takes as an invitation to question the present. He provides something important to the idea of Africanism that he finds missing from Negritude. In the colonial period, the innocence of Africa had to be stressed, but the new generation of African writers and intellectuals have been freed from colonial restraints and express African reality very differently.

The poem centers on the conversation between an African man calling a British landlady about a space for rent. The man correctly assesses that the woman will have reservations about renting to him because of his skin color but what surprises him is her question, “HOW DARK?” He tries to answer “West African sepia” and “brunette,” but goes on to explain that he is not an easy-to-categorize color. The poem ends with his question, “Wouldn't you rather / See for yourself?” This implicitly invites her to evaluate him as a whole person, instead of by his color, which does not define his identity.

Soyinka writes the poem in free verse (no meter or rhyme) and includes dialogue, which gives the poem its playful feel. Also, Soyinka includes creative and offbeat elements to the speaker’s thoughts and speech; for example, the speaker describes his bottom as “raven black,” a humorous and even inappropriate detail. All this serves to strengthen the speaker’s concealed frustration; he handles the situation as gracefully and humorously as he can, which makes his situation appear to the reader as all the more undeserved and unjust.

Conclusion:-

all African poems reflect African culture and what African people think about colonizer people. We found that how British people go there and started ruling over them, enslaved them, make them slave. What are the views of African people on the so called civilization? Generally we found that cultural conflict is one of the most prominent points in African poem or literature. Through this poems we found that all poet tryst to discusses one problem, problem of his ancient heritage because of the attack of western culture

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Paper –13. New Literature--What according to you are the reasons for his popularity and success of Chetan Bhagat

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Q. What according to you are the reasons for his popularity and success of Chetan Bhagat?

Introduction:-

Chetan Bhagat (pronunciation; born 22 April 1974) is an Indian author, columnist, screenwriter and speaker. Bhagat is the author of bestselling novels. Bhagat writes opted columns for popular English and Hindi newspapers, including The Times of India and Deink Bashkir, focusing on youth, career and issues based on national development. In 2008, The New York Times cited Bhagat as "the biggest selling English language   novelist in India’s history".

Early life

Bhagat was born in Delhi to a Punjabi family. His father was an officer in the army and his mother was a government employee in the agricultural department. Chetan Bhagat done his mechanical engineering from IIT-D and then he went to IIM-A for his post graduation. Some years after completing his education, bhagat went to work in a bank in Hong Kong and at one time, when his many colleagues were promoted, bhagat did not get promoted, he also realized that he was unable to give the required time to literary work. Till then he had already completed 11 years as an INVESTMENT banker. This was a turning point of bhagat's life and then he wrote his first work, in 2004 and quit his job as a banker. Marriage Chetan Bhagat got married in 1999 with nausea who was his classmate in IIM-A. As chitin bhagat belongs to a Punjabi family while nausea belongs to a South Indian family, their love marriage had to face many problems. But at last their love found respect and they were married. And now they are living happily with their two twin sons Shan and Shyam. Bhagat's novel 2 States is loosely his own story.

Literary work

Five Point Someone (2004)

One Night @ the Call Center (2005)

The 3 Mistakes of My Life (2008)

2 States (2009)

Revolution 2020 (2011)

What Young India Wants (2012)

Half Girlfriend (2014)

All the books have remained bestsellers since their release and four have inspired Bollywood films (including the hit films 3 Idiots, Kai Po Che! and 2 States). In 2008, The New York Times cited Bhagat as "the biggest selling English language novelist in India’s history”. Time magazine named him as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. Bhagat voices his opinion frequently at leading events .He quit his investment banking career in 2009, to focus on writing. He debuted as a screenplay writer with the 2013 film 'Kai Po Che'.His new book Half Girlfriend has created quite a buzz after its release. Bhagat has his columns in The Times of India and Hindustan Times. He was a judge on the Voice of India Star Anchor Hunt. Chetan Bhagat also hosts 7 RCR on ABP news, which began airing 11 January 2014. The show features a series of biographies of India's prime ministerial candidates .Among his other activities, Bhagat is known to deliver speeches at programs organized by corporate, educational institutes, newspapers and media houses like Deink Bashkir, The Times of India and at other conclaves apart     

v Why his market is up?

How to sell the books smartly:

Well according to me Chetan Bhagat is a Marketing genius .He knows what exactly will get his target audience to read.

1. Sub 100 pricing.
People don't mind spending 90 odd rupees on time pass.
This also effectively eliminates piracy/ loss of revenue.

2. Reaches out to a WIDE target audience.
Five point (engineering students), One night (the humongous call centre employee population), Three mistakes (youth in general, who are hooked to his books by now), and lastly 2 states (people in Long distance relationships- like me!!

3. Simple language
it gives people the satisfaction of having read a book... Without having to look at the dictionary even once...

4. Thin books...Convenient to carry in crowded buses/ local trains,
can be hidden easily while reading on the last bench in class/ in terminal at office,
doesn’t scare the hell out of a generation bred on TV rather than books,
Can be lugged around in backpacks/ girls over stuffed purses...

5. And definitely the candy floss romance...
The rebellious average-Joe hero, everyone can relate with...

v He is not writing novels but writes novella:His books are not show much bulky so people read only in one seat so his books are not bulky and pages and pages so people like to read.  

v Youth is central theme

1. Love, Sex and Marriage

Throughout his novels Chetan Bhagat has given emphasis on the treatment of of love, sex and marriage as theme. In Bhagat’s fiction the attitude of youths towards love, marriage, and sex is not at all emotional; on the contrary it is quite casual. Love, as it is an instinctual feeling the young generation feels the vibrations of it every now and then, but the way they propose it and the carrying out love have definitely changed. As we see in his fictions, there are love proposals and rejections, but everything is taken quite healthily or say in a matter- of fact way. In India, where marriage is a sacrament, a man and a woman living together without getting married is a sin. But the majority of Cretan’s protagonists enjoy Pre MaritalSex. No other writer of the past, but Bhagat sanctified sex in his works. They watched the reluctance of the woman in it, whereas Bhagat has installed it in the willingness of the woman. Perfect examples for this stance will be the sexual relationship between Hair antennas in Five Point Someone, Shyam and Piranha in One Night @ The Call Center, Govind and Vidya in The 3 Mistakes of My Life, Krish and Ananya in 2 States, Gopal and Aarti in Revolution 2020. In Bhagat‘s opinion, girls are in no way inferior to boys. They are equal to them in all respects. He is an advocate to the liberation and empowerment of women, but the pity is that he has equaled them only in doing the wrong things and taking wrong turns like Neha enjoying her loss of virginity and thanking her partner, which shows her hunger and want for sex. He has even raised the issue of Inter caste Marriage in his works.

2. Representation of Youth

In the third chapter there will be the detailed study of the representation of youth in the novels of Chetan Bhagat. Almost in every novel he has highlighted his deep concern about the youth today i.e. what are the problems, hopes and aspirations of the youth. His novels give us a clear picture of his concern and the present paper is based on those issues Confidential. May it is through Ryan’s voice or Vroom’s, through Govind or Krish, through Gopal orsimply by means of certain articles in the leading newspapers. Throughout his novels he hastried to present the different problems that the youth is facing. Everyone is trying to get success in their struggle in love, business, employment, relations etc. The youth presented in the fiction has hope and aspiration. They are optimistic. Because of these novels has mass appeal.

3. Modern Culture and Modern Trend in Indian Society

The third theme aims at establishing the detailed study of the Modern Culture and Modern Trend in Indian Society as reflected in the novels of Chetan Bhagat. He stresses the importance of redefining the social values. He writes about India as an Indian. He writes about each aspect of India like its culture, its problems, and its language and depicts the life of young generation. According to Bhagat today's young India wants a good life, a good job and romance -- "meri naukri, meri chokri". Bhagat says;"The youth want to first fulfill their own needs and only after that are they willing to support a certain cause. Today's youth wants good well-paying job ('nature') and a nice girlfriend ('chore') in a decent urban city. I don’t think there's anything wrong with that but what is important is to earn that living honestly, with integrity and excellence and without compromising the core values that build our society". The traditional Indian society is in a state of metamorphosis. The old practices and customs have not given way to new and hence creates conflict in the life of the characters. Chetan Bhagat has written in his novels about love, sex and marriage. He has presented new generation women in his novels. All this happened in the modern culture that he very well spoke.

4. Status of New Generation Women:

It is tried to study the Status of New Generation Women as reflected in the novels ofChetan Bhagat. His characters are social rebels and his female protagonists remind us of the Natural female instinct. The place of action of his novels is set in the hustle and bustle of Metropolitan Indian cities. With the growing urbanization and globalization, a number of opportunities have opened up all around. Men and women are no more seen through the old spectacle which marksmen as superior and women as inferior. In this global atmosphere, sofa belittled women are given their due place and respect. With their own intellect and abilities, they are seen to be working shoulder to shoulder with men. They earn their own living and make career choices.

v Conclusion

Thus, Chetan Bhagat very successfully has treated above themes in his novels. Indian youth somewhere felt himself one of the characters in his novels as the central one, as it is the story of his life. Chetan Bhagat very well treated Love, sex, marriage and aspiration, hope, premarital relation and struggle of Indian youth. It is the Indian youth that made Chetan BhagatIndia’s ever best seller Indian English author. Chetan Bhagat very well used the social sites, gadgets in his novels. It is not only Indian youth but also the youth in worldwide felt ChetanBhagat as great writer. Finally it is recommended for new researchers that one must study his works in the light of Multiculturalism and feminism. This research could contribute greatly in the field of literary Criticism.